Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local NAACP, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. As a result, Parks was arrested for violating a city law. Parks’ actions and subsequent arrest launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott, pushing Martin Luther King Jr. into the national spotlight. Background Jim Crow Era laws segregating African-Americans and whites in the South was a way of life and upheld by the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision. Throughout southern states, African-Americans could not use the same public facilities as white residents. Private businesses reserved the right not to serve African-Americans. In Montgomery, whites were allowed to board the bus through the front doors. African-Americans, however, had to pay in the front and then go to the back of the bus to board. It was not uncommon for a bus driver to pull off before an African-American passenger could board through the back. Whites were able to take seats in the front while African-Americans had to sit in the back. It was at the discretion of the bus driver to identify where the â€Å"colored section† was located. It is also important to remember that African-Americans could not even sit in the same row as whites. So if a white person boarded, there were no free seats, an entire row of African-American passengers would have to stand so that the white passenger could sit. Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline 1954 Professor Joann Robinson, president of the Women’s Political Council (WPC), meets with Montgomery city officials to discuss changes to the bus system—namely segregation. 1955 March On March 2, Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old girl from Montgomery, is arrested for refusing to allow a white passenger to sit in her seat. Colvin is charged with assault, disorderly conduct, and violating segregation laws. Throughout the month of March, local African-American leaders meet with Montgomery city administrators concerning segregated buses. local NAACP president E.D. Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks are present at the meeting. However, Colvin’s arrest does not ignite anger in the African-American community and a boycott plan is not devised. October On October 21, Eighteen-year-old Mary Louise Smith is arrested for not giving up her seat to a white bus rider. December On December 1, Rosa Parks is arrested for not allowing a white man to sit in her seat on the bus. The WPC launches a one-day bus boycott on December 2. Robinson also creates and distributes flyers throughout Montgomery’s African-American community concerning Parks’ case and a call to action: boycott the bus system of December 5. On December 5, the boycott was held and almost all members of Montgomery’s  African-American community participate. Robinson reached out to Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, pastors at two of the largest African-American churches in Montgomery. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is established and King is elected president. The organization also votes to extend the boycott. By December 8, the MIA presented a formal list of demands to Montgomery city officials. Local officials refuse to desegregate buses. On December 13, the MIA creates a carpooling system for African-American residents participating in the boycott. 1956 January King’s home is bombed on January 30. The following day, E.D. Dixon’s home is also bombed. February   On February 21, more than 80 leaders of the boycott are indicted as a result of Alabama’s anti-conspiracy laws. March King is indicted as the boycott’s leader on March 19. He is ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail. June   Bus segregation is ruled unconstitutional by a federal district court on June 5. November   By November 13, the Supreme Court upheld the district court’s ruling and struck down laws legalizing racial segregation on buses. However, the MIA will not end the boycott until the desegregation of buses was officially enacted. December   On December 20, the Supreme Court’s injunction against public buses is delivered to Montgomery city officials. The following day, December 21, Montgomery public buses are desegregated and the MIA ends its boycott. Aftermath In history books, it is often argued that the Montgomery Bus Boycott placed King in the national spotlight and launched the modern Civil Rights Movement. Yet how much do we know about Montgomery after the boycott? Two days after the desegregation of bus seating, a shot was fired into the front door of King’s home. The following day, a group of white men assaulted an African-American teenager exiting a bus. Soon after, two buses were fired at by snipers, shooting a pregnant woman in both of her legs. By January 1957, five African-American churches were bombed as was the home of Robert S. Graetz, who had sided with the MIA. As a result of the violence,  city officials suspended bus service for several weeks. Later that year, Parks, who had launched the boycott, left the city permanently for Detroit.

Salem Witch Trials and Thomas Putnam - 852 Words

Tianlian Zeng 10/13/12 Period:4 The greed of Mr. Putnam When an inidiviudal has done something wrong, he will give himself a reason to excuse his wrongdoings. He will not think about what motivated the course of his action or the consequence of his action. He will not think about how it affects the innocent people. As time passes, his goodness will be gone, and he will feel as if his crimes were ordinary. In The Crucible, one of the influential character that directly related to this situation is Thomas Putnam. In order revenge his children s dead, he increased his wealth and landholdings, and influenced society in which ever way he could. In additon, his immoral accusations have resulted from the death of many people.†¦show more content†¦Mr.Putnam rejected Proctor when he said,â€Å" He had no right to sell it. It stands clear in my gandfather s will that all the land between the reiver and –.â€Å" His greed of lands has motivated him to assert that the bound w as belong to his grandfather. None of them have the authoritise to invade it. If someone was trying to steel his lands, he would have do anything to protect them. Later, Giles Corey has joined the conversation, and argued with him about the bounds. However, Putnam was angry and said,â€Å" I ll have my men on you, Corety! I ll clap a writ on you! This has proven Mr.Putnam is a extrmely dangerous person that would do anyting to preserved his properties. Becuase Giles and Proctor have challenged his greed of lands, he might revenge for their invasion. Moreover, when Reverend Hale came to visit Ruth, Abigail accuesd Tituba for summoning the evil. Hale and Mr.Putman arrested Tituba and said,â€Å" This woman must be hanged! She must be taken and hanged.â€Å" Putnam was trying to sacrifice Tituba for his children s dead. He gave vent to his ager and grief by sacrifice Titube to his children dead. Furthermore, when a mystery person has told Giles that Mr.Putnam prompted his daughter to accuse George Jacobs of witchcraft, he indicated Putnam of lying. He said,â€Å" My proof is there! If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property—that s law. Abd there is none but Outnam with the coin to buy so great a piece. This man is killing his beighbors for their land!â€Å"Show MoreRelatedThe Guilty Characters in Millers The Crucible Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials, Who is Really Guilty After all of the witch trials in 1692 concluded a total of 20 people were hanged all because of people craving attention and personal gain. There are three people depicted in Arthur Millers The Crucible that are most responsible for this and they are, Abigail Williams, Judge Danforth, and Thomas Putnam. Abigail Williams is mostly responsible for the Salem witch trials because she was the first person to start accusing innocent people of witchcraftRead MoreEssay On Personal Rivalries In The Crucible924 Words   |  4 PagesIt is 1692 in the small town of Salem, Massachusetts; fear and hysteria are running rampant. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the residents of Salem are allowing their grudges and personal rivalries to distract themselves from the truth. The witch trials are escalating, more and more people are being accused, and the tensions are high. The Putnams have different motivations and grudges that are driving the accusations. Ann Putnam is using the trials to harm the w omen she deems responsible for theRead MoreThe Crucible Analysis621 Words   |  3 Pages The Crucible takes place in Salem, Massachusetts during the time of the Salem witch trials. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller uses revenge as the main theme throughout the playwright. Revenge is the action of inflicting hurt or harm on someone for an injury or wrong done to someone else. Revenge is shown throughout the characters actions in the play. Witch craft is used to represent revenge. If someone didnt like another, they could accuse that person of witch craft and inflict harm on him orRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthose in the community, which resulted in chaos. This occurred in the event known as the Salem Witch Trials, where twenty were executed and hundreds of others were accused. Arthur Miller, in his play, The Crucible, demonstrates how the thirst for revenge fuels the devastation of a community through the characters of Thomas Putnam, Ann Putna m, and Abigail Williams. Thomas Putnam was an influential citizen in Salem who was motivated by his greediness. His lack of inheritance from his father after a largeRead MoreThe Crucible : The Potential Of Change916 Words   |  4 PagesJohnston English 11H, Period 7 8 October 2015 The Crucible: The Potential of Change Introduction: In The Crucible, Arthur Miller recreates the anxiety and hysteria of the Salem witch-trials from 1692. Although the title, not once is the word â€Å"crucible† spoken in the play. However, the people and events of the Salem witch trials correspond with the definition of a â€Å"crucible†. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines â€Å"crucible† three ways: â€Å"A pot in which metals or other substances are heated to a veryRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : An Indelible Part Of American History Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageswhich became known as The Salem Witch Trials, enforced the belief that Puritan ministers spoke for God himself, and also that their opinions were infallible. At least twenty people were killed because of false accusations, and hundreds had their names and reputations torn apart over accusations that they practiced witchcraft (Norton, 2002). Strict Puritan values, a fear of witchcraft, and the counsel of local pastors created the mass hyster ia that made the Salem Witch Trials an indelible part of AmericanRead MoreWitches And The Salem Witch Trials1676 Words   |  7 PagesParris, Ann Putnam, Jr., Susannah Sheldon, Abigail Williams, Mary Walcott, and Mary Warren are very important people in the Salem Witch Trials. There are conflicting opinions on whether or not witches exist. However, when taking a more in-depth look at the trials, it is very evident that witches in 17th century Salem did not exist; children were accusing people out of boredom, parents were using this as a type of revenge, and the witch tests were unjust. The 17th century Salem witch trials all startedRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, includingRead MoreThe Crucible Critical Lens Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesquote remains true and evident in Arthur Miller’s, The Crucible. There are many characters Miller uses to prove this quote true through the literary elements Characterization, Theme, and Setting. Some characters include Abigail, John Proctor, and Thomas Putnam. Arthur Miller uses Characterization to prove Lenin’s quote true. Abigail, a smart and wily girl becomes vindictive when crossed. Abigail lies often which becomes very beneficial to her when it comes to situations where danger lies aheadRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1450 Words   |  6 Pagesescalated into a historical catastrophe. The relations between these two characters caused an out rule within the religious community. Revenge grew within those who were vulnerable, turning lies into the suspicion of witches thus known as the Salem Witch Trials. The revengeful acts between John proctor and Abigail Williams started off with Abigail’s jealousy. Abigail was once the servant for John and Elizabeth proctor’s household. As the servant to the proctor’s home, an opportunity for transgression

The Benefits of Meditation Free Essays

The Benefits of Meditation The importance of relaxation and meditation cannot be overstated. Not only is it good for the individual, but for the world as a whole. iThe new world view emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena, as well as the emboldens of the individuals and societies in the cyclical processes of nature (Capra 390). We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The systems theory provides that whatever is good for the individual, is good for the entire system of all ecology. Depak Chopra states that whatever is good for the ecology is good for the health of the universe, for all things are interrelated. He calls this quantum healing. For this reason, it is imperative that an individual takes responsibility to keep the body and mind in good health. One of the most pleasant ways to achieve this type of euphoria is through meditation and relaxation. Meditation can be achieved through yoga, relaxation techniques, Shamanic journeying, channeling, or exercise programs such as Tai Chi. The purpose of all of these exercises is to increase the body’s energy flow and to] ward off sickness and contagious disease (Weiss 352). Tai Chi is a program that moves energy through the body. It uses the idea of pushing outward, moving the bad energy out, which leaves room for the good energy to enter. If the body is not cleared of the bad energy, the good cannot enter. This is accomplished through proper breathing, as Lao Tzu stated. Proper breathing is facilitated by all of the aforementioned meditation techniques. Yoga is another style of body movement which works in the same manner as Tai Chi. Through a specific routine, the individual moves and cleanses energy, so that not only air, but blood and intelligence can flow freely throughout the mind and body. As satirist Adams, creator of the Dilbert cartoon has often said, one of the best ways to achieve what one wants out of life is by writing out or stating affirmations. The process he recommends, and which he attributes to his own success, is the process of creative visualization. Shakti Gawain states that the benefits to be gained from this process of seeing yourself as having completed goals, brings physical health, a healthy self-image, good relationships, forgiveness and release, and success (Gawain 122-123). The advantage of visualizing the future is that the information visualized creates a steady message to the body, mind and soul about the exact goals it wants to pursue and receive. For this reason, it is a very powerful means of achieving goals. Shamanic journeying is also a hands-on approach, which entails relaxation to a repetitive drum beat or musical score, and a conscious intent to move a specific sickness (one at a time) out of the body. Shamanic journeying, much like a transcendental meditation on another plane, can be used to undo the past and move the ties that bind from the body, or it can be used to remove psychological dis-ease from the mind. Much like a physical manifestation of psychological treatment, the mind and body can be healed by Shamanic means within a very short period of time, however . In the past, most of this work was done by a Shaman or Medicine person, but today, the individual can take responsibility for this work (Newhouse and Amodeo 48-52). The important thing to remember when journeying are these lines from a poem by Nancy Wood: iAll of my life rolled out from my feet,i and iAt the same time I made a hole in the sky (Newhouse and Amodeo 50). This epitomizes the release and intake of energy. This same type of process is involved in channeling, a quiet form of relaxation which is a 20 minute process that recognizes the seven chakras and their relationship to the earth and sky points of the body. A channel opens all seven points to let energy flow down, up and out in order to cleanse, create and love. Through the lower chakras the energy cleanses down through the stomach (yellow), intestines (orange), and reproductive organs (red). Once these are clean, the heart (green/pink) is opened, and from there the throat/voice (blue), vision/third eye (purple), and mind (purple) can be opened to the heavens for universal information and communication. In all cases, the meeting place in the body is the heart. When love is sensed and cleansed, it can then flow outward to everyone and everything in the immediate vicinity and the universe (Stevens 224-229). Not only does this heal the body, but it heals the universe and all that receive the cleansed outward energy. All of these processes are not only for the purpose of cleansing the body, mind and soul or for creating the world that an individual wants for himself or herself. They are means to effect changes in the universe. Worldwide group meditations are held to correct all kinds of ills on this planet. They are held nightly and on specific dates. The perception experienced by the participants is a sense of complete peace and also of sensation. Works Cited Capra, Fritjof. Holistic Health Holistic Peace. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Gawain, Shakti. iCreative Visualization. ,i in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Newhouse, Sandy R. M. A. Amodeo, John, Ph. D. Native American Healing. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Stevens, Petey. iPsychic Healing. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985). Weiss, Shandor. Tai Chi Chuan as a Healing Art. in The New Holistic Health Handbook, Living Well in a New Age. Ed. Shepherd Bliss. Lexington MA: Penquin Books. (1985 ). How to cite The Benefits of Meditation, Papers

Charlotte Perkins Gillman Essay Example For Students

Charlotte Perkins Gillman Essay I know there is no thought of murder in your heart, but there is in mine. I will show you, John Bodman, how much I hate you. She continued, I have told all my friends in England that I believed you intended to murder me in Switzerland. She informed even the hotel proprietor about this. Before she commits suicide to frame her husband she spoke to him I say it to show how much I hate you how much I am prepared to give for revenge. I have warned the people at the hotel, and when we left two men followed us. In few moments those two men will come in sight of the Outlook. Tell them, if you think they will believe you, that it was accident. Mr. Bodman had no fixed plan for her murder. He will execute base on circumstances. But Mrs. Bodman had clear idea about her suicide. The story ends with unexpected and dramatic twist. These three short stories have some common characteristics. They are tragedies. The themes are mainly focussed on wife and husband relationships in different ways. The time setting is almost same. The places were Europe and America. Almost same social conditions were prevailing in these areas. But these stories are not common in many angles. Turned was the 1911 story by Charlotte Perkins Gillman who was a woman and also a feminist. Turned had given a message that woman have to think independently and have to stand on their own feet like men. Mrs. Marroner was a representative of a new generation of women. It is a challenge and rebellion against the stagnated and problematic traditions and moral values of the male dominated society. Mrs. Marroners decision was a shock treatment for the male dominant society. Through this story the writer proposed new and progressive moral values and traditions. For this purpose the writer created a new type of character like Mrs. Marroner. The writer succeeded in her purpose. Where as Thomas Hardy (To Please His Wife) and Robert Barr (An Alpine Divorce) were male writers. The content of To Please His Wife is quite contrast to the Turned. Through Joanna is a non-traditional woman character and Emily is a traditional women character. To support the traditions of the society the writer used Joannas over ambitious character. The message is very clear. The role of women was not like Joanna, they should be like Emily. They should be gentle and good housewives. The message is clear that if they wanted to be independent, they will ruin their lives like Joanna. If we keep aside this analysis and think in other way like the moral of the story might be not to be over ambitious. The writer so effectively presented the story. We feel sympathetic towards Joannas bad luck though she was focussed as over ambitious. Robert Barrs An Alpine Divorce presented a reality of wife and husband relationships of that time. The writer maintained balance while commenting on relationships. He did not blame either the wife or the husband. The writer described the situation of the society and legal laws of the time. The story suggested for the changes to be taken place in the society. The messages of these stories are different in nature. Turned and An Alpine Divorce are similar in one way. They wanted some changes in the society. But To Please His Wife was not for any change. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Geoffrey Chaucer section.